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The phrase pathetic fallacy is a literary term for the attributing of human emotion and conduct to all aspects within nature.〔(pathetic fallacy (figure of speech) - Encyclopedia Britannica )〕 It is a kind of personification that is found in poetic writing when, for example, clouds seem sullen, when leaves dance, or when rocks seem indifferent.〔〔''The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy'' Second Edition (2005). Thomas Mautner, Editor. p. 455.〕〔''Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics'', Alex Preminger, Ed., Princeton University Press, 1974 ISBN 0-691-01317-9〕 The British cultural critic, John Ruskin, coined the term in his book, ''Modern Painters'' (1843–60).〔''The New Encyclopædia Britannica'', 15th Edition (1988), volume 9, p. 197.〕 ==History of the phrase== Ruskin coined the term "pathetic fallacy" to attack the sentimentality that was common to the poetry of the late 18th century, and which was was rampant among poets including Burns, Blake, Wordsworth, Shelley and Keats. Wordsworth supported this use of personification based on emotion by claiming that “objects … derive their influence not from properties inherent in them … but from such as are bestowed upon them by the minds of those who are conversant with or affected by these objects.”〔(Wordsworth, William. Knight, William Angus, editor. ''The Poetical Works of William Wordsworth, Volume 4''. ) W Paterson (1883) page 199〕 However Tennyson, in his own poetry, began to refine and diminish such expressions, and introduced an emphasis on what might be called a more scientific comparison of objects in terms of sense perception. The old order was beginning to be replaced by the new just as Ruskin addressed the matter, and the use of the pathetic fallacy markedly began to disappear. As a critic, Ruskin proved influential and is credited with having helped to refine poetic expression.〔 The meaning of the term has changed significantly from the idea Ruskin had in mind. Ruskin’s original definition is “emotional falseness”, or the falseness that occurs to one’s perceptions when influenced by violent or heightened emotion. For example, when a person is unhinged by grief, the clouds might seem darker than they are, or perhaps mournful or perhaps even uncaring.〔 There have been other changes to Ruskin’s phrase since he coined it: The particular definition that Ruskin used for the word “fallacy” has since become obsolete. The word “fallacy” nowadays is defined as an example of a flawed logic, but for Ruskin and writers of the 19th century and earlier, “fallacy” could be used to mean simply a “falseness”.〔“Fallacy”. ''The Oxford English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. 1st ed. 1909.〕 In the same way, the word “pathetic” simply meant for Ruskin “emotional” or “pertaining to emotion”.〔“Pathetic”. ''The Oxford English Dictionary''. Oxford University Press. 1st ed. 1909.〕 Setting aside Ruskin’s original intentions, and despite this linguistic 'rocky road', the two-word phrase has survived, though with a significantly altered meaning. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「pathetic fallacy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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